Disk drivers don’t usually log errors to disk, since:
A. that’s kind of like calling somebody to tell them their phone is broken, and
B. few logging facilities are available at interrupt time (click for details)
The drive firmware also doesn’t necessarily ever tell anyone when it decides to remap a bad sector.
If you’re particularly adventurous you can give this a shot, but using one of the usual drive and filesystem testing utilities would probably be your best bet.